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Cell Cycle Phases

Cell Cycle Phases

	Interphase – During interphase, which is comprised of G1, S, and G2 phases, the cell prepares to undergo division by replicating its genome and organelles. DNA replication is performed by DNA polymerase, with the help of factors like the PCNA clamp and topoisomerase-II α (TOP2A). Progression through checkpoints during interphase is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are activated when bound by specific cyclins (see table below).
	Prophase – Prophase is the first step of mitosis, a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical genomes. During prophase, DNA condenses to form tightly packed chromosomes, the nuclear membrane begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle takes shape. Detect histone modifications that regulate DNA compaction
	Metaphase – Chromosomes are lined along the middle of the cell, and microtubules attach to chromosome kinetochores. Proteins like TRF2 help protect chromosome structures and telomere ends as mitosis progresses.
	Anaphase – Microtubules pull each chromatid to opposite poles of the cell, so that each daughter cell will have a copy of the genome. TPX2 is a protein critical for microtubule growth and mitotic spindle function. View antibodies for tubulin, a major component of microtubules
	Telophase – Each new daughter cell begins to recover from replication by loosening DNA compaction, reforming nuclear membranes, and breaking down the mitotic spindle.
	Cytokinesis – Towards the end of mitosis, the parent cell physically splits into two cells, a process called cytokinesis. This is regulated by factors like PRC1, a microtubule-associated protein.

Cyclins and CDKs. The roles of major cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) when they are activated by each cyclin.

Cyclin	Cyclin-dependent kinase	Function
Cyclin D	CDK4, CDK6	Regulates progress through G₁
Cyclin E	CDK2	Initiates G₁ to S transition, and needed to clear restriction point
Cyclin A	CDK2	Regulates progress through S
Cyclin B	CDK1 (Cdc2)	Drives entry into M
N/A	CDK5	Regulates neuronal development

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