While it typically causes minor issues, Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) can cause encephalitis, blindness and even death in neonates and the immunocompromised. To better understand the immune response to HSV-1, Lucinda et al. studied cytokine and cell responses to HSV-1 infection in trigeminal ganglia with wild type and TLR2/9-/- mice. TLR2 and 9 have been heavily implicated in generating a strong immune response to contain HSV-1. The absence of these TLRs results in death in mice upon HSV-1 infection. The researchers also found that knockout mice generated lower amounts of IL-β, iNOS, and type I interferons, but higher levels of CCL2 and Granzyme B. While the knockout mice may have drawn in more leukocytes, they would produce more Granzyme B and an ineffective anti-viral response, which could have been a potential cause of death in the knockouts.

BioLegend has released new LEGENDplex™ panels that allow you to quantitatively study several anti-viral cytokines simultaneously in a multiplex assay.
 

Adapted from Lucinda, N. et al. 2017. Virol. J. 14:37. Pubmed
Human Anti-Virus Panel Mouse Anti-Virus Panel
IFN-α2 IFN-α
IFN-β IFN-β
IFN-γ IFN-γ
IFN-λ1 IL-1β
IFN-λ2/3 IL-6
IL-1β IL-10
IL-6 IL-12p70
IL-8 CCL2
IL-10 CCL5
IL-12p70 CXCL1
IP-10 CXCL10 (IP-10)
GM-CSF GM-CSF
TNF-α TNF-α
LEGENDplex™ Panels
Human Anti-Virus Response Panel (13-plex) with Filter Plate
Human Anti-Virus Response Panel (13-plex) with V-bottom Plate
Mouse Anti-Virus Response Panel (13-plex) with Filter Plate
Mouse Anti-Virus Response Panel (13-plex) with V-bottom Plate
Mouse Type 1/2 Interferon Panel (3-plex) with Filter Plate
Mouse Type 1/2 Interferon Panel (3-plex) with V-bottom Plate
MojoSort™ Kits
CD8 T cells
Monocytes and Dendritic cells
Human TLR Antibodies Mouse TLR Antibodies
TLR1 TLR2
TLR2 TLR3
TLR3 TLR4
TLR4 TLR4/MD2 Complex
TLR6 TLR5
TLR10  
MyD88  
Toll-like receptors drive a number of important innate immunological functions. Use our webpages to learn more about TLR ligands and signaling pathways. Then, check out our Innate Immunology Signaling Poster, and request your own copy.
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